The argument is shown to be faulty on two counts. Firstly, its thesis violates the requirement for meaning postulates to be deductively non-creative. Secondly, applying the Wittgenstein principle is a sleight of hand there.

The author discusses Reiter's formalization method of causal reasoning and his partial solution of the frame problem. In paragraph one, simple, causal reasoning scenario is presented. In paragraph two, language of situation calculus is discussed. In paragraph three, both action precondition axioms and the qualification problem for actions are analyzed. In paragraph four, the author introduces effect axioms. In paragraph five, not only frame axioms but the frame problem is presented as well. Next, explanation closure axioms, unique names axioms for actions and a partial solution to the frame problem are given. Paragraph six contains formalization of scenario described at the beginning of the article. Finally, comments about limitations of the presented method are made.

The paper considers the influence of the media picture on the mind and subjectivity of a man. It is the influence which is of considerable importance for the moulding of the cognitive process, attitudes towards life, spirituality of the individuals living in the present times. The ongoing philosophical and scientific explorations of this influence put the fundamental enquiries into the foundations of the classical theory of cognition and epistemology including the classical transcendentalism of Kant and Husserl in question. At the same time they present the possibility and necessity of their thorough revision and verification without absolute rejection. This thesis is supported in the paper by an initial analysis of the mechanism of creation of reality and cognitive functioning of electronic media, mainly television and internet, and the consideration of theory and cognitive assumptions of the philosophy of life and human existence of A. T. Tymieniecka and other contemporary concepts of a man and the cognitive process. The paper also determines the key tasks of the newly formed philosophy/epistemology of the media.

The article reviews Tadeusz Gadacz's 'Historia filozofii XX wieku (Nurty, vol. 1)'. The reviewer demonstrates that the book fails to reach standards which would allow it to be considered as an academic work. Indeed, dispute suggestive appearances, it is not a history of philosophy at all. This is because Gadacz is quite wrong in his assumptions about knowledge, philosophy and how to write about philosophy. The reviewer concludes by pointing out that Gadacz's book is symptomatic of the state of philosophy in Poland today.

The author polemizes with some authors' thinking the source of evil is or in God omnipotence and in God omniscience, or that evil is feature of cosmic order. To his mind man is the only creator of values, i.e. only man is able to estimate which human behaviour is good and which is bad one.

Two proposals of the ontological elucidating of multi-dimensional human nature are considered: the nature as an object in a special phase space, and as a complementary entity. Both the ontological constructions, loosely inspired by results of contemporary physics, view the man as a heteregenous whole, not being consisted, however, of such parts as emotions, body, individual and social consciousness etc. The man is also not a structure of elements of humanity.

The text is a discussion with Roman Piotr Godlewski's argument against rationality of suicide, comprised in his article Ontological Mistake of Suicide. The autrhor tries to bring the tacit premises of his argument out and demonstrate that the premises are questionable. The objection of his consideration is to prove that Godlewski's argument is inconclusive and suicide can be rational (in instrumental sense).

The article contains the analysis of different models of philosophical education. The author analyses in axiological perspective dependence between conceptions of philosophy and the conventions of philosophical education. Basic problem concerns the choice between neutral education and axiological engaged education. The strong axiological orientations in philosophical education in Poland are presented by the formation of Catholicism, the analytic philosophy of the Lvov-Warsaw School and the currents of cultural and existential philosophy. In practice philosophical education is qualify hard, which axiological model one should be the first. Proposed in present didactics the activating method contribute to putting the renewed question about transfer of value in philosophical education. Different ways of understanding of philosophy seems to show the need of axiological alternative proposals in culture-educational transfer of philosophy.

In the beginning of the 20th century many philosophers like E. Mach or P. Duhem were convicted that explaining facts is the aim of meta­physics rather than of science. Yet C. G. Hempel and P. Oppenheim, who represented the received view, has worked out the logical reconstruction of scientific explanation and their famous paper 'Studies in the Logic of Scientific Explanation' (1948) began a discussion about nature and various models of scientific explanation. The article is an introduction to scientific explanation, which is very widely discussed in philosophy of science. This concept has many connexions with such fundamental issues as controversy between scientific realism and antirealism, causality and nature of scientific law. The article reveals place of scientific explanation among other epistemic values such as truth, simplicity and coherence, give its short history since Aristotle and typology offered by E. Nagel, who distinguishes the deductive, probabilistic, teleological (functional) and genetic types of explanation.

The objective of the article is a critical analysis of some Karl R. Popper's thesis about Darwinian theory of evolution. Darwinism is the one of main subjects of Popper's later work. Popper not only used the theory of evolution in his philosophy, but he also tried to contribute something new to neo-Darwinism. The author attempts to consider which Popper's ideas connected with the theory of evolution are still relevant and actual, and which are questionable from the perspective of the modern theory of evolution.

One of the basic Martin Heidegger's questions is what are the roots and conditions, both philosophical and historical, that culminated in modern viewpoint transforming 'subiectum' into 'res cogitans' due to safeguard its privileged position as the only and rightful owner of the truth. As he looks into the history of metaphysics, he conceives of the tradition, which started with Plato's conception of idea and which had been consistently followed until Cartesian 'ego cogito' was set, as the ages of oblivion of being. 'Esse est percipi', to be means to make the world an object to confirm own potency. As Heidegger shows, this is only a secondary mode of human existence. The everyday being of 'Dasein' rather than its consciousness is the starting point of philosophy. That is why it should be led back to the question of being, which is also the only way to oppose humanism of modern technological society. Dasein's being-in-the-world is originally chaos and risk and therefore philosophy can never be crowned with certainty.

The aim of this paper is to reveal the prefigurative status of Spengler's philosophy towards nietzscheanian thought. As a focus for this discussion, we will compare the main metaphysical categories of both philosophers from structuralistic, functional and semantic perspectives. Furthermore, the concept of their philosophy reveals the regaining of art, inspired mainly by romantic ideals, as the greatest activity of human being. The second part of this paper seeks to extend the problem of individualism in both philosophies, as a result of their strong connection with the paradigm of the German myth of Greece.

The paper is devoted to the problem of possibility of application of some systems of tense logic in the natural sciences. In the beginning of the paper there are given conditions imposed on formal systems which can be applied in the real sciences. In the second part of the paper definition of physical time (and relation of preceding) are given. There are also briefly discussed the most important properties of physical time. Third part of the paper presents a syntactic characterization of the systems of tense logic. Finally, the last part of the paper seeks to answer whether the systems of tense logic adequate express, by means of theses, some properties of physical time and relation of temporal aftermath. What follows, whether they (especially their language) can find applications in the natural sciences, mainly in physics.

In the time of the loss of Polish statehood in 1772 to 1918 years, five dances: polonaise, mazur, cracovienne that is to say krakowiak, oberek and kujawiak gained the status of Polish national dances. Their unprecedented cultural function greatly contributed to the salvation of the tradition and to preservation of the national memory. In those days, Polish national dances constituted not only social, educational and artistic functions but they also integrated the society, and together with the music, literature, theatre, fine arts, architecture, learning, education and philosophy influenced patriotic attitudes and sustained the sense of national bond. National dance can be considered the instrument for the building of the sensibility which contributed to the surviving of the nation and to the preserving of national identity. Being an antidote to the cares and apprehensions, the dance constituted an acceptance of live, gave the hope for the recovery of the sovereignty and played unusually important role in the process of the cultivation and preservation of native culture.